Can any tangible harms be directly traced to marijuana going mainstream in California?

The Sacramento Bee on Sunday had this front-page report on marijuana's widespread use in California. The piece is headlined "Weed goes mainstream," and here are some of the highlights:

As California voters prepare to decide in November whether to become the first state to legalize marijuana for recreational use, a new Field Poll conducted for The Sacramento Bee reveals that weed already is deeply woven into society.

Those who use the drug, and their reasons for doing it, may be as diverse as the state itself.

Forty-two percent of adults who described themselves as current users in the July poll said they smoke pot to relieve pain or treat a health condition. Thirty-nine percent use it recreationally, to socialize or have fun with friends.

Sixty percent say marijuana helps them relax or sleep. Twenty-four percent say it stimulates their creativity.

Historically, marijuana use in California remains lower than during peak years of the late 1970s. But voters' approval of Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act – which made the state the first to legalize medical marijuana – is changing the social dynamic, according to poll results and interviews with users in 15 counties....

• More than 400,000 Californians use marijuana daily, according to the state Board of Equalization. And state residents consume 16 million ounces of weed a year, from legal and illegal sources.

• More than 3.4 million Californians smoked pot in 2008, according to the latest research by the National Survey on Drug Abuse and Health.

And, in the Field Poll, 47 percent of registered voters said they have used marijuana at least once in their life. That exceeds the registration of any political party in the state....

Nationally, more than 100 million Americans have tried marijuana, and 10 states – led by Rhode Island, Vermont and Alaska – have higher per capita use than the Golden State.

But in California, a proliferating industry of medical cannabis dispensaries, offering exotic strains such as "Blue Dream," "Train Wreck" or "Green Crack," helps supply a vast market, including many people who never venture inside a pot shop.

According to the state Board of Equalization, California marijuana dispensaries – intended to serve bona fide medical users, including AIDS, cancer and chronic pain sufferers – produce up to $1.3 billion in marijuana transactions for people reporting a vast range of ills.

"I'm sure there are people who suffer from any number of maladies that seek therapy from marijuana use," said Sacramento County Sheriff John McGinness. "But for at least as many, I think it's a ruse for healthy people who enjoy the effects of marijuana.....

[Ngaio] Bealum [editor of West Coast Cannabis] says readily available weed – and the reduced stigma and penalties – make people less wary of consequences. "As the boomers get older, those guys realized it is really no big deal," he said. "And the younger kids don't think it's a big deal, because their parents used to do it."

The July Field Poll shows plummeting support for tougher marijuana laws and increased backing for softer penalties. Yet marijuana arrests continue to rise.  In 2008, California authorities cited 61,388 people on misdemeanor pot offenses and 17,126 for felonies such as illegal trafficking, cultivation or possession for sale.  Total arrests were up by nearly one-third since 2003.

According to the Bee-commissioned poll, current marijuana use is most prevalent in the Bay Area and Northern California, including North Coast and Sierra Nevada counties with pot-receptive climates and cultures.  Use is lower in the Central Valley and lowest in San Diego/Orange counties.

And, following previous trends, reported pot use is higher among whites than African Americans, Latinos and other ethnic groups.

Marijuana has found niches in the California lifestyle with young people starting their careers, affluent baby boomers and urban professionals.... Though current use is highest among people between 18 and 29 and earning less than $40,000 a year, pot also is finding a significant foothold among many reaching their prime career earning years....

According to the Field Poll, the overwhelming majority of current pot smokers prefer to use it at home or a friend's house. Smaller numbers say they enjoy it at parties, concerts or outdoors.... 

Many marijuana users have friends who bring home dispensary pot as easily as picking up the groceries....  Sociologist Reinarman said, "The line that separates recreational use from medical use is blurred" by the infusion of medical pot into California's popular culture. "There is no contradiction from people who sometimes use it for pain or sometimes use it for sleep or sometimes use it because it is fun and or stimulates their creativity," he said.

The notion offends Lanette Davies, who runs Sacramento's Canna Care dispensary, which serves 5,000 registered marijuana patients. Davies believes many illicit marijuana users may be self-medicating for undiagnosed medical conditions. But she said, "I don't support people using strictly for recreation. If you want to take Vicodin simply because it feels good, that doesn't make it OK."

The question in the title of this post spotlights what I consider to be the most important and also the most challenging question as "weed goes mainstream"  in California and elsewhere.  The proponents of legalizing and regulating the marijuana industry can point to potential income from tax revenues and potential savings from reduced criminal justice expenditures.  Only time may tell if these claims of tangible benefits of legalization prove accurate, but proponents of legalization can also always fall back on the (intangible?) benefits of personal liberty and autonomy.

In contrast, opponents of legalizing and regulating the marijuana industry have an inherently harder (intangible) case to make unless marijuana use is viewed as inherently wrong as a truly wicked weed.  Consequently, we see opponents claim that the potential tangible harms to kids and from pot-produced accidents on the roads and in the workplace justify keeping marijuana from being legalized and regulated like alcohol.  But, given the evidence now of widespread availability and use of marijuana in California, I am wondering if these proponents have any data to support their claims that pot has such harmful potential.

I hope that some researcher might soon try to use the data indicating that pot use is greater in northern California and in certain counties to really try to assess and quantify if greater pot use can be directly linked to tangible societal harms.  If such evidence can be found, I know I will be significantly more respectful of the concerns expressed by opponents of marijuana legalization.

Some related posts on pot policy and politics:

• How can and should we assess the "success" of medical marijuana and pot prohibition reform efforts?
• New "Just Say Now" campaign suggests growing marijuana legalization coalition
• Should and will California's voters legalize marijuana in that state this November?
• "Are Opponents of Marijuana Legalization Getting Dumber?": 
• RAND study (foolishly?) tries to forecast impact of pot legalization in California
• "Legalizing marijuana not really a dopey idea"
• Might Sarah Palin's sensible points about pot get Tea Party types to push for sensible drug reforms?
• Thoughtful academic thoughts on ending marijuana prohibitions
• Green tea party: will Glenn Beck or Sarah Palin or other professed liberty lovers support ending pot prohibition in California?
• NPR's interesting coverage of "The New Marijuana"
• This is Fox News on drugs ... lots of questions
• Fascinating racial justice debate on California pot legalization proposition
• New report details racial disparities in pot possession charges in California